XOR Summation

Given a positive integer \(N\), compute the value of \(1 \bigoplus 2 \bigoplus \cdots \bigoplus N\), where \(\bigoplus\) denotes the bitwise XOR operation.

The bitwise XOR operation between two numbers \(A\) and \(B\) is defined as the bit-by-bit exclusive OR of their binary representations.

inputFormat

The input consists of a single integer \(N\) (\(1 \leq N \leq 10^{12}\)).

outputFormat

Output the result of \(1 \bigoplus 2 \bigoplus \cdots \bigoplus N\).

sample

1

1